NAME
ls - list the contents of a directory
SYNOPSIS
ls [-acdfghilpqrstu1ACDFLMRTX] [name...]
DESCRIPTION
For each file argument, list it. For each directory argu-
ment, list its contents. The current working directory is
listed when no files are named. Information is printed mul-
ticolumn on terminals, single column if the output is
redirected. The options control what information is shown
and how.
Ls has two sources other then the command line to draw
options from, one is the environment variable LSOPTS that is
scanned for option letters when the output of ls is
displayed on a terminal. The other is the name of ls
itself. If ls is linked to another name, then all the char-
acters after the l are used as flags too, except that d, f,
r, t and x are translated to D, F, R, T and X. Useful links
are ll, lf, lm and lx.
Files whose names start with a dot are by default not
listed.
Note that standard MINIX 3 doesn't have symbolic links or
sockets and -u and -c are no-ops on a V1 file system, since
only modified times are stored in V1 inodes.
OPTIONS
-a All entries are listed, even . and ..
-c Use inode changed time for sorting, listing or search-
ing.
-d Do not list contents of directories, but list the
directory itself.
-f Do not sort (should also be: treat a file as a direc-
tory, but that can't be implemented portably).
-g Suppress the owner name on a long listing (implies -l).
-h Show file sizes in kilo, mega or gigabytes.
-i I-node number printed in the first column.
-l Long listing: mode, links, owner, group, size and time.
(ls -lC uses columns in a wide enough window!)
-n Print numerical user and group id's.
-p Mark directories with a '/'.
-q Print nongraphic characters as '?' (default on termi-
nals).
-r Reverse the sort order.
-s Give the size in kilobytes in the first (-s) or second
column (-is).
-t Sort by time (modified time default), latest first.
-u Use last accessed time for sorting, listing or search-
ing.
-1 Print in one column.
-A List all entries, but not . and .. (This is the default
for privileged users.)
-C Print multicolumn (default on terminals).
-D Distinguish files by type, i.e. regular files together,
directories together, etc.
-F Mark directories with a '/', executables with a '*',
UNIX domain sockets with a '=', named pipes with a '|'
and symbolic links with a '@' behind the name.
-L Print the file referenced by a symbolic link instead of
the link.
-M List mode before name (implies -C).
-R List directory trees recursively.
-T Print file times in a long format, e.g. "Oct 24
21:37:41 1996".
-X Print crunched mode and size before name (implies -C).
Only the rwx permissions that its caller has on the
file are shown, but they are in upper case if the
caller owns the file and has given the permission to
the callers group or other users. The size is listed
in bytes (<= 5K), or rounded up kilo, mega or giga-
bytes.
SEE ALSO
du(1), stat(1), stat(2).
BUGS
Having to type ls -C when viewing files through more(1).
Is only portable to systems with the same st_mode (see
stat(2)).
The LSOPTS variable and the -D, -M and -X flags are not
found on other ls implementations. (They have their own
nonstandard flags.)
AUTHOR
Kees J. Bot <kjb@cs.vu.nl>