NAME

     ls - list the contents of a directory


SYNOPSIS

     ls [-acdfghilpqrstu1ACDFLMRTX] [name...]


DESCRIPTION

     For each file argument, list it.  For each  directory  argu-
     ment,  list  its contents.  The current working directory is
     listed when no files are named.  Information is printed mul-
     ticolumn  on  terminals,  single  column  if  the  output is
     redirected.  The options control what information  is  shown
     and how.

     Ls has two sources other  then  the  command  line  to  draw
     options from, one is the environment variable LSOPTS that is
     scanned  for  option  letters  when  the  output  of  ls  is
     displayed  on  a  terminal.   The  other  is  the name of ls
     itself.  If ls is linked to another name, then all the char-
     acters  after the l are used as flags too, except that d, f,
     r, t and x are translated to D, F, R, T and X.  Useful links
     are ll, lf, lm and lx.

     Files whose names start  with  a  dot  are  by  default  not
     listed.

     Note that standard MINIX 3 doesn't have  symbolic  links  or
     sockets  and -u and -c are no-ops on a V1 file system, since
     only modified times are stored in V1 inodes.


OPTIONS

     -a   All entries are listed, even . and ..

     -c   Use inode changed time for sorting, listing or  search-
          ing.

     -d   Do not list  contents  of  directories,  but  list  the
          directory itself.

     -f   Do not sort (should also be: treat a file as  a  direc-
          tory, but that can't be implemented portably).

     -g   Suppress the owner name on a long listing (implies -l).

     -h   Show file sizes in kilo, mega or gigabytes.

     -i   I-node number printed in the first column.

     -l   Long listing: mode, links, owner, group, size and time.
          (ls -lC uses columns in a wide enough window!)

     -n   Print numerical user and group id's.
     -p   Mark directories with a '/'.

     -q   Print nongraphic characters as '?' (default  on  termi-
          nals).

     -r   Reverse the sort order.

     -s   Give the size in kilobytes in the first (-s) or  second
          column (-is).

     -t   Sort by time (modified time default), latest first.

     -u   Use last accessed time for sorting, listing or  search-
          ing.

     -1   Print in one column.

     -A   List all entries, but not . and .. (This is the default
          for privileged users.)

     -C   Print multicolumn (default on terminals).

     -D   Distinguish files by type, i.e. regular files together,
          directories together, etc.

     -F   Mark directories with a '/', executables  with  a  '*',
          UNIX  domain sockets with a '=', named pipes with a '|'
          and symbolic links with a '@' behind the name.

     -L   Print the file referenced by a symbolic link instead of
          the link.

     -M   List mode before name (implies -C).

     -R   List directory trees recursively.

     -T   Print file  times  in  a  long  format,  e.g.  "Oct  24
          21:37:41 1996".

     -X   Print crunched mode and size before name (implies  -C).
          Only  the  rwx  permissions  that its caller has on the
          file are shown, but they  are  in  upper  case  if  the
          caller  owns  the  file and has given the permission to
          the callers group or other users.  The size  is  listed
          in  bytes  (<=  5K),  or rounded up kilo, mega or giga-
          bytes.


SEE ALSO

     du(1), stat(1), stat(2).


BUGS

     Having to type ls -C when viewing files through more(1).
     Is only portable to  systems  with  the  same  st_mode  (see
     stat(2)).

     The LSOPTS variable and the -D, -M  and  -X  flags  are  not
     found  on  other  ls  implementations.  (They have their own
     nonstandard flags.)


AUTHOR

     Kees J. Bot <kjb@cs.vu.nl>